Historical figures and recent data highlight that Cuba was once a significant producer and consumer of rice and potatoes for decades. The current collapse is attributed to a sustained decline in production and cultivated land, rather than any supposed "foreign" dietary habits.
Economist Carlos Martínez, through his analysis on the blog Cubanomics, refutes the claim that rice and potatoes are not intrinsic to the nation's diet or agriculture. This argument was presented by Roberto Caballero on the state-run TV program Cuadrando la Caja. Caballero is a member of the Executive Committee of the Cuban Association of Agricultural and Forestry Technicians.
Historical data indicate that by 1958, the monthly per capita consumption exceeded 10 pounds of rice and included around 2.20 pounds of meat. Additionally, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and taro were regular staples in the Cuban diet.
Further supporting evidence comes from agricultural production statistics. Historical records reveal that Cuba has been cultivating rice and potatoes since the early 20th century, with production consistently increasing up until 1959.
These crops were far from being marginal. Instead, they were part of a broader agricultural diversification strategy that combined domestic production with imports. According to FAOSTAT data cited in the analysis, the production of rice and potatoes per 1,000 inhabitants has recently hit one of its lowest points since 1961.
Despite doubts regarding the accuracy of some official statistics, the downward trend aligns with the current chronic shortages.
Economist Pedro Monreal recently provided additional official figures that challenge the narrative of excessive consumption. His calculations show that the total availability of rice for consumption has decreased by 41.5% since its peak in 2005. Practically speaking, for every 10 pounds available 18 years ago, only six remain in 2023, illustrating a contraction in supply rather than an increase in consumption.
The deterioration in production is also evident in the cultivated area. Monreal noted that after reaching nearly 189,000 hectares in 2009, the area dedicated to rice began to decline, with a sharp decrease particularly noticeable from 2019 onwards.
By 2023, the area under non-state ownership, which had been crucial for production, accounted for only 13.1% of the peak recorded 15 years earlier.
The gap between income and prices underscores the structural issues. A state worker earns around 7,000 pesos monthly, while the basic basket for one person is estimated at 50,000 pesos. In this context, the price of a pound of rice has surpassed 400 pesos on the informal market.
These figures place a significant portion of the population in poverty, estimated at 89%.
Various economists agree that the statistics point to a systemic problem in the agricultural sector's design and management, characterized by state controls, lack of incentives, and declining production, rather than a purported need to "reeducate" the population's eating habits.
Understanding Cuba's Agricultural Challenges and Economic Impacts
What has led to the decline of rice and potato production in Cuba?
The decline is due to a continuous drop in production and cultivated land, exacerbated by state controls, lack of incentives, and poor management in the agricultural sector.
How has the availability of rice changed in Cuba since 2005?
The availability of rice for consumption has dropped by 41.5% since 2005, indicating a significant reduction in supply rather than increased consumption.
What is the current economic situation for Cuban state workers?
State workers earn approximately 7,000 pesos monthly, yet the monthly basic living expenses are estimated at 50,000 pesos, highlighting a severe economic disparity.